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Earthquake refers to the internal forces in the lithosphere under-ran off the breakdown occurred, within the Earth's seismic waves can be released in the form of a strong, which led to a certain extent the ground shook.
There are many reasons for the earthquake, according to the causes of earthquakes, earthquakes can be divided into the following categories:
1. Tectonic earthquake
As the deep underground rock dislocation, the breakdown caused by the earthquake known as tectonic earthquake. Such an earthquake occurred most frequently, also the most destructive power, the world seismic account for about 90%.
2. Volcanic earthquakes
As the role of the volcano, such as the magma caused by seismic activity such as volcanic as the earthquake. Only in the zone of volcanic activity may have occurred before the volcanic earthquakes, an earthquake of such earthquakes around the world accounts for only about 7%.
3. Earthquake collapse
As the cave on the ground floor or at the top of the mine collapse caused by an earthquake known as the earthquake collapse. Such an earthquake the size of the relatively small number of very few, if any, tend to occur in the limestone cave clouds or large-scale mining of underground mining.
4. Earthquake-induced
Due to water storage reservoirs, oil fields, such as water triggered by seismic activity known as the earthquake-induced. Such an earthquake only in certain specific fields or reservoir areas.
5. Artificial earthquake
Underground nuclear explosion, explosives and blasting ground vibration caused by man-made artificial known as the earthquake. By the man-made seismic activity caused by the earthquake. Industries such as blasting, the vibration caused by underground nuclear explosions; carried out in the deep well water, as well as large high-pressure reservoir after the water has increased the pressure on the earth's crust, sometimes induced by an earthquake.
An earthquake occurs, the most basic is a row of ground vibration, the shaking is obvious. In the earthquake zone who are in great sway until the first is sometimes beat up and down. This is because the seismic waves from ground to ground, the first wave arrived because. Then have a big wave amplitude of the shaking of the horizontal direction is the main reason for disasters caused by earthquakes.
Earthquake on the landscape have a significant impact on the natural world, the most important consequence of a disruption on the ground and cracks. The earthquake fault surface often stretching to several dozens of kilometers, often with obvious from the mistake and the level of vertical distance wrong, to reflect the changes in the structure of the Office source characteristics. However, not all the fault surface and the source directly linked to the movement, they also may be due to seismic waves caused by secondary impact. In particular, the surface area of thick sediment, the sloping edge of the road on both sides of the river bank and often to crack, which is often due to the terrain, in the side of not relying on the conditions so that the shaking loose topsoil and crack. The earthquake shaking so that the surface soil subsidence, the shallow water along the way will be squeezed by rising to the surface cracks formed to take water sandblast phenomenon. Large earthquakes can change the local terrain, or uplift or subsidence. Urban and rural areas to make split-path, distortion of the tracks, bridges broken. In the modern city, due to the breakdown of buried pipes and cables have been cut off caused by water, power and communications disrupted. Gas, radioactive materials and toxic gas leak can lead to fire and toxic, radioactive contamination, and other secondary disasters. In the mountains, landslides and earthquakes can cause landslides buried villages and towns often caused by the tragedy. The Mount rivers and landslides blocked in the upper reaches of the lake to form the earthquake.
Earthquake refers to the land (lithosphere) rapid fibrillation. By the earthquake can be divided into two main causes: tectonic earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes. Tectonic earthquake on the impact of the greatest human beings. Such an earthquake is due to the stress of the earth's interior, causing structural changes in the earthquake. Crust of rock, in the long-term effects of stress, will tilt and bend, when the accumulated stress over to the rock maximizing can bear, the vulnerable strata where it will lead to dislocation and fracture of a sudden, the long-term The accumulation of all of a sudden release of energy, and in the form of seismic waves to spread around, so that took place on the ground tremble.
There are two types of seismic waves spread in the form of: P-wave and S-wave. P-wave spread fast through the strong, so when an earthquake occurs, the first to reach the ground, this time at the epicenter of the people will be bumps up and down. Then wave to reach the earth began to shake around before and after, Fangdaowuta cause serious, earth and rock avalanche, the deformation of the road.
Usually the size of the earthquake magnitude to that. Seismic energy released is, the higher the magnitude. Increase in the magnitude of each level, an increase of about 30 times more energy.
In an area affected by the earthquake and the extent of the damage with that intensity, with the size of its magnitude, epicenter is directly related to the distance. In addition, the source and depth, geological structure, building on the ground and so on. The distance from the epicenter in the same place where sometimes there is also a great difference in intensity.
Earthquakes are a common natural phenomenon. Almost every day, the earth quake, an average of 500 million, of which felt tremors 50,000 times more than 7 earthquake on average less than 20 times.
Earthquake with a certain amount of time and space distribution. From the time point of view, there is an earthquake active and quiet periods alternating cyclical phenomenon. From space, the distribution of the earthquake was a certain band, said the seismic zone, mainly in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean - the two major Himalayan seismic zone. Pacific seismic belt in the world to focus almost 80% of the shallow earthquakes (0 km to 70 km), all of the source (70 km to 300 km) and deep-source earthquakes, the seismic energy released about 80% of the total energy.
1. Precursor of the pre-earthquake?
1. Groundwater anomaly.
As the rock on the ground floor by squeezing or stretching, so that the water table to rise or fall; or so that the crust in-house gases and some of the material with the overflow of water, ground water by bubble, the fashion, and so on Bianwei.
Bao is well water, too early precursor,
Muddy rain water, well water Tianzao risk,
Changes in water level, to spend up to take bubble,
Some change color or flavor change.
2. Abnormal animals.
Before the earthquake a day or two, cattle, horses do not rush into the ring, bouncing bounce chaos, more than bray, disturbed by the irritating, reducing diet; some do not feed Zhu Yang, disturbed by the irritating, Luancuan run; Kuangjiao more than a dog; Not chicken into the nest, fear not cry; not duck into the water; chaos rabbit hop bounce, and alarm; pigeons in a few days before the earthquake Jing Fei, did not return to the nest; close to a pot of bees to fly away to a pot; response to the most sensitive rats , In the earthquake the previous day to a few days, the mice to run all of a sudden a light, and some small mouth moving rats; some of the snakes out of hibernation outside, a tree; bounce You panic shore fish, such as Potentilla belly.To light and sound manner.
And to light and sound is on the eve of an earthquake or an earthquake, sent from the ground or on the ground floor of the light and sound, it is important impending omen. Earthquake "before the main shock-aftershock of a shock," the law, it is necessary to grasp the attention to prevent
地震是指岩石圈在内力作用下脱然发生破裂，地球内能以地震波的形式强烈释放出来，从而引起一定范围内地面震动的现象。
发生地震的原因很多，根据地震的成因，可以把地震分为以下几种：
1．构造地震
由于地下深处岩层错动、破裂所造成的地震称为构造地震。这类地震发生的次数最多，破坏力也最大，约占全世界地震的90%以上。
2．火山地震
由于火山作用，如岩浆活动等引起的地震称为火山地震。只有在火山活动区才可能发生火山地震，这类地震只占全世界地震的7%左右。
3．塌陷地震
由于地下岩洞或矿井顶部塌陷而引起的地震称为塌陷地震。这类地震的规模比较小，次数也很少，即使有，也往往发生在溶洞密布的石灰岩地区或大规模地下开采的矿区。
4．诱发地震
由于水库蓄水、油田注水等活动而引发的地震称为诱发地震。这类地震仅仅在某些特定的水库库区或油田地区发生。
5．人工地震
地下核爆炸、炸药爆破等人为引起的地面振动称为人工地震。 人工地震是由人为活动引起的地震。如工业爆破、地下核爆炸造成的振动；在深井中进行高压注水以及大水库蓄水后增加了地壳的压力，有时也会诱发地震。
地震发生时，最基本的现象是地面的连续振动，主要是明显的晃动。在震区的人在感到大的晃动之前，有时首先感到上下跳动。这是因为地震波从地下向地面传来，纵波首先到达的缘故。横波接着产生大振幅的水平方向的晃动，是造成地震灾害的主要原因。
地震对自然界景观产生很大影响，最主要的后果是地面出现断层和地裂缝。大地震的地表断层常绵延几十至几百千米，往往具有较明显的垂直错距和水平错距，能反映出震源处的构造变动特征。但并不是所有的地表断裂都直接与震源的运动相联系，它们也可能是由于地震波造成的次生影响。特别是地表沉积层较厚的地区，坡地边缘、河岸和道路两旁常出现地裂缝，这往往是由于地形因素，在一侧没有依托的条件下晃动使表土松垮和崩裂。地震的晃动使表土下沉，浅层的地下水受挤压会沿地裂缝上升至地表，形成喷沙冒水现象。大地震能使局部地形改观，或隆起，或沉降。使城乡道路坼裂、铁轨扭曲、桥梁折断。在现代化城市中，由于地下管道破裂和电缆被切断造成停水、停电和通讯受阻。煤气、有毒气体和放射性物质泄漏可导致火灾和毒物、放射性污染等次生灾害。在山区，地震还能引起山崩和滑坡，常造成掩埋村镇的惨剧。崩塌的山石堵塞江河，在上游形成地震湖。
地震指大地（岩石圈）的快速颤动。地震按主要成因可分为两种：构造地震和火山地震。构造地震对人类的影响最大。这类地震是由于地球内部应力，引起构造变动而发生的地震。地壳中的岩层，在地应力的长期作用下，会发生倾斜和弯曲，当积累起来的地应力超过岩层所能承受的最大限度时，岩层脆弱的地方便会发生突然断裂和错位，使长期积累的能量突然释放出来，并以地震波的形式向四周传播，使地面发生颤动。
地震波主要有两种传播形式：纵波和横波。纵波传播速度快、通过能力强，所以当地震发生时，首先到达地面，这时位于震中的人们会感到上下颠簸。接着横波到达，大地便开始前后左右摇晃，严重时造成房倒屋塌、土石崩落、公路变形。
地震的大小通常用震级来表示。地震释放的能量越大，震级越高。震级每增加一级，能量约增加 30倍。
某地区受地震影响和破坏的程度用烈度表示，其大小同震级、震中的距离有直接关系。此外还和震源深浅、地质构造、地面建筑等有关。在距震中距离相同的地方有时烈度相差也很大。
地震是一种普通的自然现象。地球上差不多每天都有地震，平均每年发生500万次，其中有感地震5万次，7级以上的大震平均不到20次。
地震具有一定的时空分布规律。从时间上看，地震有活跃期和平静期交替出现的周期性现象。从空间上看，地震的分布呈一定的带状，称地震带，主要集中在环太平洋和地中海—喜马拉雅两大地震带。太平洋地震带几乎集中了全世界80％以上的浅源地震（0千米～70千米），全部的中源（70千米～300千米）和深源地震，所释放的地震能量约占全部能量的80％。
1.大震前有何前兆？
1. 地下水异常。
由于地下岩层受到挤压或拉伸，使地下水位上升或下降；或者使地壳内部气体和某些物质随水溢出，而使地下水冒泡、发浑、变味等。
井水是个宝, 前兆来得早,
天雨水质浑, 天早井水冒,
水位变化大, 翻花冒气泡,
有的变颜色, 有的变味道。
2. 动物异常。
震前一、二天,牛、马赶不进圈,乱蹦乱跳,嘶叫不止,烦燥不安,饮食减少；一些猪羊不吃食,烦燥不安,乱跑乱窜;狗狂叫不止；鸡不进窝,惊啼不止；鸭不下水；家兔乱蹦乱跳,惊恐不安；鸽子在震前数天惊飞,不回巢；密蜂一窝一窝地飞走；老鼠反应最灵敏,在震前一天至数天,老鼠突然跑光了,有的叼着小老鼠搬家；有些冬眠的蛇爬出洞外,上树；鱼惊慌乱跳游向岸边,翻白肚等。
震前动物有预兆； 老鼠搬家往外逃；
鸡飞上树猪拱圈； 鸭不下水狗狂叫；
冬眠麻蛇早出洞； 鱼儿惊慌水面跳。
3. 地光和地声。
地光和地声是地震前夕或地震时,从地下或地面发出的光亮及声音,是重要的临震预兆。 地震有“前震一主震一余震”的规律,要注意掌握,防止
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