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一、定语从句的概念

定语从句是指在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的从句。

例如：You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.

上面例句中的the house就是后面定语从句所修饰或限定的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。

二、关系词（连接词）

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。

1． 关系代词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系代词主要有that、which、who、whom、whose，其中whom引导的是宾格，whose引导的是所有格。

2．that与which的用法区分

1）只能用that，不能用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况

a）当先行词由不定代词anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等代替时，关系代词只能用that而不能用which 。例如：There is nothing that I can do

b）先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时

例如：The last place that I visited was the hospital.

c）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词级。

例如：This is the first composition that he has written in English.

d）先行词既有人，又有物时

例如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

2）只用which不用that的情况

a）引导非限定性定语从句时

例如：The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b）介词后用which

例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.

3．关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）先行词是表示地点名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得留意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。

例如：He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.

2）先行词是表示时间名词时，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得留意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。

例如：I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.

3）先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。

例如：Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?

但是这里要指出的是，假如介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能留存介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.

4．判定关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必需要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

方法二：正确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能准确选择出关系代词/ 关系副词。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom,that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。

5．限定性从句和非限定性从句

1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部门，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）

All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)

2）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行润饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.

6．定语从句的省略

(1) 关系代词充当从句宾语

我们前面说到连接词在定语从句中充当一个成分，有可能是主语、有可能是宾语，我相信大家肯定还记得，这里我们要告诉大家，当这些连接词充当的是宾语时，可以省略。例如：

1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.

2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.

(2) 关系代词充当从句主语

当关系代词充当从句主语时，也可以省略，但是省略后的从句要发生形式的变化，原从句若为主动语态，后面的动词结构要变成分词ing形式，原从句若为被动语态，后面的动词结构直接为过去动词结构。这种结构在英语语法中称为分词作定语。例如：

The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.

The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.

SP: (1) why的先行词reason或可用that 指代的名词也是定语从句的原因状语时，关系代词或关系副词可以省略。例如：

1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.

2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.

(2) 表示方式的先行词way，其后的关系代词可用that也可省略，例如：

1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.

2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.

#英语资源# 导语定语从句作为英语语法，在学习过程中属于中较难理解与掌握的部分，也正是由于其复杂程度较高、逻辑性较强、理解难度很大，屡屡让同学们在考试中丢分数、失信心、丧斗志！以下内容由 ！

定语从句“三要素”

1.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词

①指人的先行词

②指物的先行词

先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。

He has passed the driving test, whichsurprises all of us. (which替代前面所叙述的事情) 先行词

2.关系词：引导定语的词

(1)关系词的作用

①替代前面的先行词（替代作用）

②连接主句和定语从句（连接作用）

③在定语从句中作句子成分（成分作用）

(2)关系词的分类

①标准：根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类

②关系代词：在从句中做 主，宾，表，定（that/which/who/whom/whose/as）

③关系副词：在从句中作状语(When/where/why)

3.定语从句：用来做定语，修饰限定先行词的句子

定语从句的分类

1.限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定修饰作用。

He is a teacher whoworks at our school.

2.非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)

Beijing, whichis the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.

比较：

He has two sons, who work in the same company.

(He has only two sons.)

He has two sons who work in the same company.

(Perhaps he has two more sons)

定语从句的10个难点

1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)

(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语

She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)

(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语

He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)

(3)关系代词作介词宾语，介词在从句句尾时可以省略

Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.

比较：

Housing price is a problem in whichpeople are interested.（此时只能用which且不能省略）

2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)

(1)用that的情况

①以疑问词who开头的句子中

Who is the man thatis shouting there?

②关系代词在从句中作表语时

She is not the girl thatshe used to be.

③先行词被the very, the right, the only修饰

This is the very person thatwe are looking for.

(2)用who的情况

①先行词是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等

Those whowant to go to the cinemawill have to wait at the gate of the school.

②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用who

Who is the boy thatwon the gold medal?

③在there be 结构中

There are many young men whoare against him.

④在非限定性定语从句当中

Tom, whois my best friend,has gone abroad to study.

3.先行词是物(that / which的区别)

(1)用which的情况

①在非限定性定语从句中

She lost the game, whichdepressed her greatly.

②关系词置于介词之后，作宾语

The pen with whichyou writeis Jack’s.

③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.

Let me show you the novel thatI borrowed from the librarywhichis newly open to us.

(2)用that的情况

①先行词是不定代词如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等

She did all thatshe couldto help us.

②先行词被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right，the last等所修饰时

This is the very book thatI want.

③先行词中既有人又有物时

She described in her compositions the people and he places thatimpressed her most.

④先行词前有序数词或形容词*高级修饰时

This is the best book thatI have ever read.

This is the first film thatI’ve seensince I came here.

⑤定语从句中套定语从句，其中一个关系词以用which, 另外一个用that

He built a factory whichproduced thingsthathad never been seen before.

⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用that

Who is the person thatis standing at the gate?

4.As引导定语从句用法

(1)As 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语，宾语，表语等。

常用于以下句型当中：Such/so….. as…. 像…..一样 the same …. as… 和…...同样的

A computer is souseful a machine aswe can use everyday.

He is not the sameman ashe was.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句，此时译为“正如，像”等。 可以放在句首，句中或句末。

As I remember, there were a net bar here.

Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all.

the same as...和the same that...引导定语从句的区别

This is the samebike thatI lost yesterday.(同一事物)

This is the samebike asI lost yesterday. （同类事物）

5.关系副词的运用

(1)When 在定语从句中做时间状语，先行词为表示时间的time, day等

I still remember the day whenI first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

(2)Where 在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为表地点的place, spot等

Can you tell me the office wherehe works?

(where = in which)

(3)Why 在定语从句中做原因状语，先行词只有reason.

I don’t want to listen to any reason whyyou were absent.

(why = for which)

关系副词 = 相应的介词 + 关系代词

Where引导的定语从句还可以修饰抽象空间的名词如case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (阶段)，point（地步）等

What are the situations wherebody languageis the only form of communication?

在哪些情况下身体语言是的沟通方式。(此时where = in which)

6.几个特殊的先行词

(1)way在定语从句中做状语时的三种引导方式 that / in which / 不填

The way in which / that / 不填he explains the sentence to us is quite simple.

比较：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.

way在定语中作tell的宾语

(2)先行词time

time表示“次数”时，用关系代词that引导定语从句

This is the first time thatthe president has visited the country.

time作“一段时间” 讲时，应用关系副词when

This was the time whenthere were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets

此时when = during which 在..期间

(3)先行词reason当在定语从句中作状语时，定语从句的4种引导方式 why/for which/that/不填

This is the reason why/for which/that/不填he can not come here.

比较：Is this the reason that/which/不填he explained to us for his absence from the conference.

reason 在定语从句中做explain的宾语

7.介词+关系代词

该结构的关系代词只有两种即 介词+which（指物） 介词+whom（指人）

该结构介词的选用原则：

(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配

This is the book on whichI spent $ 8.

This is the book for whichI paid $ 8.

(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯

I remember the days during whichI lived there.

I remember the day on whichI graduated from university.

(3)根据整个句子所表达的意思来决定

The colorless gas without whichwe can’t live is called oxygen.

(4)英语中为了强调某一名词，不定式前面也可以加上关系代词。

Here is the money with which to buy the piano.

She is the right person on whom to depend

注意：

①如果介词后移，关系代词可以省略

The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.

②有些含有介词的动词短语介词不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hear from/of/about deal with等

This is the baby that you will look after.

8.定语从句的主谓一致

(1)当先行词是 one of + 复数名词，定语从句的位于动词要用复数形式

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings thatdraw lots of visitor every year.

(2)当先行词是 the only + one of +复数名词，从句谓语用单数形式

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth thatis seen from the moon.

(3)先行词如果是整个句子，定语从句的谓语动词用单数

Great changes have taken place in China, asis known to all.

He has passed the driving test, whichsurprises all of us.

9.定语从句的转化

定语从句可以转换为 –ing或-ed形式

The girl (who is) dancing nowjust returned from Taiwan.

I love the stories (which were) written by Hemingway.

The man (who stands) standing thereis my friend.

10.定语从句的解题方法

(1)判断从句是否为定语从句 （先行词，关系词，定语从句）

(2)准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、表、定、状)从而正确选定使用关系代词或关系副词

注意：

①关系代词whose的用法。Whose在定语从句中做定语。

当先行词是人： whose = the + 名词 + of whom

当先行词是物：whose = the + 名词 + of which

Do you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?

I’d like a room whose window / the window of which faces the sea.

②That引导定语从句，名词性从句 和 强调句型的区别:

定语从句中的that: 关系代词，在后面的定语从句中做句子成分。

名词性从句中的that：从属连词，只起连接主从句的作用，在从句中不做句子成分。

强调句中的that, 运用于it is/was…that..结构；判断标准：去掉强调句型结构，成分仍然完整。

比较：

This is the book that I am looking for.

(that 引导定语从句)

It is at Bashu middle school that I have studied for three years.

(that和前面的it is构成强调句型)

The fact that he stole the money surprised all of us.

(that 引导名词性从句--同位语从句)

That he will come to the conference has excited all of us.

(that引导名词性从句--主语从句)

We all expect that they win, for members of their team are stronger.

(that引导名词性从句--宾语从句)

The reason for your failure is that you lack confidence in yourself.

(that 引导名词性从句--表语从句)

定语从句专项练习

把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句

1.The fan is on the desk. You want it.

2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.

3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.

4.The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard.

5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.

6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.

7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.

8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.

9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.

10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.

11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.

12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.

13.This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.

14.I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in.

15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.

16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.

17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.

18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.

19.In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.

20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.

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